horizontal puller flaming brown micropipette puller p-87  (Sutter Instrument Company)

Journal: Nature Communications

Article Title: Locomotion-induced ocular motor behavior in larval Xenopus is developmentally tuned by visuo-vestibular reflexes

doi: 10.1038/s41467-022-30636-6

Figure Lengend Snippet: Gaze-stabilizing movements of the left (Leye) and right eye (Reye) during spino-ocular motor coupling ( a ), optokinetic reflex (OKR, b ) gravitoinertial (gVOR, c ) and horizontal angular vestibulo-ocular reflex (aVOR, d ) at stage 40 ( a 1 , b 1 , c 1 , d 1 ), stage 42 ( a 2 , b 2 , c 2 , d 2 ) and stage 45 ( a 3 , b 3 , c 3 , d 3 ). Swim episodes occurred spontaneously; OKR and gVOR were elicited by sinusoidal rotation of black/white vertical stripes or downward-upward head roll motion at 0.25 Hz with positional excursions (pos) of ±10°; during horizontal head rotation at 1 Hz with positional excursions of ±10° an aVOR was absent at developmental stages 40–45. le, ri, leftward, rightward movement.

Article Snippet: Following production of the electrodes with a horizontal puller (P-87 Brown/Flaming, Sutter Instruments Company, Novato, CA, USA), tips were broken and individually adjusted to fit the LR nerve or Vr diameters.

Techniques:

Journal: Nature Communications

Article Title: Locomotion-induced ocular motor behavior in larval Xenopus is developmentally tuned by visuo-vestibular reflexes

doi: 10.1038/s41467-022-30636-6

Figure Lengend Snippet: a Movement of the left (Leye) and right eye (Reye), triggered by spino-ocular motor coupling (pictogram) at stage 49 ( a 1 ), 52 ( a 2 ) and 58 ( a 3 ) during undulatory tail movements. b Quantification of spino-ocular motor coupling parameters, presented as scatter plot of eye motion amplitudes relative to tail motion amplitudes ( b 1 ), histogram (gray bars) of the correlation coefficient ( R ) and linear (lin.) regressions ( r² , black spheres) between stage 49 and 58 ( b 2 , stage 49: N = 8, stage 52: N = 6, stage 55: N = 7, stage 58: N = 9), linearity analysis of the eye position gain (left in b 3 , stage 49: N = 8, stage 52: N = 5, stage 58: N = 7) and phase (right in b 3 , stage 49: N = 10, stage 52: N = 4, stage 58: N = 6) as function of the tail undulation amplitude for three representative stages (see color-code); data are presented as mean values ± SEM. The inset illustrates a polar plot of the average phase relation (mean ± 95% confidence intervals; detailed polar plots shown in Supplementary Fig. ) at stage 49 and stage 58. c Angular vestibulo-ocular reflex (aVOR), elicited by sinusoidal horizontal head rotation (pictogram) at 1 Hz and ±10° positional excursions at stage 49 ( c 1 ), 52 ( c 2 ) and 58 ( c 3 ) in the absence of swim-related tail undulations (light blue line) in darkness. d Linearity analysis of the aVOR gain ( d 1 ) and phase ( d 2 ) plotted as function of the head motion amplitude for three representative stages (see color-code; stage 49: N = 4, stage 52: N = 5, stage 58: N = 5) during sinusoidal rotations at 1 Hz (mean ± SEM). e Summary plot of the eye position gain (mean ± SEM) as index for the proficiency of spino-ocular motor coupling, aVOR, OKR and gVOR during larval development from stage 45 to stage 58. Numbers of animals (N) used in this plot were equivalent to the numbers of animals employed in Supplementary Figs. , e and 2b 3 –d 1 at different developmental stages. le, ri, leftward, rightward movement. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.

Article Snippet: Following production of the electrodes with a horizontal puller (P-87 Brown/Flaming, Sutter Instruments Company, Novato, CA, USA), tips were broken and individually adjusted to fit the LR nerve or Vr diameters.

Techniques:

Journal: Nature Communications

Article Title: Locomotion-induced ocular motor behavior in larval Xenopus is developmentally tuned by visuo-vestibular reflexes

doi: 10.1038/s41467-022-30636-6

Figure Lengend Snippet: a Movements of the left (Leye) and right eye (Reye) indicative for the angular vestibulo-ocular reflex (aVOR) evoked by horizontal sinusoidal head rotation at 1 Hz and ±10° positional (pos) excursion in the absence of swimming ( a ) and for an episode of spino-ocular motor coupling during tail undulations in a head-stationary preparation ( b ); recordings were obtained from a stage 52 control (left column in ( a ), ( b )) and an age-matched semicircular canal-deficient tadpole (right column in ( a ), ( b )), respectively; semicircular canal formation was prevented by bilateral intra-otic injections of hyaluronidase (Hyalu) at stage 44. Histogram of swim-related tail undulation amplitude ( c ) and frequency ( d ) during swimming of stage 48 controls (light gray bars, N = 8 ), hyaluronidase-treated stage 52 animals (red bars, N = 6 ) and stage 52 controls (dark gray bars, N = 7 ); statistical significance was evaluated by the Kruskal-Wallis test, p = 0.002 and p = 0.0003, respectively, for histograms ( c ) and ( d ). Data are presented as mean values ± SEM ( e ) Quantification of locomotion-induced ocular motor coupling, depicted as scatterplot of eye position amplitudes relative to tail motion amplitudes and linear (lin.) regressions ( r² ) of stage 52 controls (black circles, n = 560 cycles ) and hyaluronidase-treated age-matched animals (red circles, n = 375 cycles ). Two-tailed p values were calculated to estimate the Pearson coefficient correlation (R) significance and were less than 0.0001. f Histogram of average eye position amplitudes during spino-ocular motor coupling of stage 48 controls (light gray bars, N = 8), hyaluronidase-treated stage 52 animals (red bars, N = 6) and stage 52 controls (dark gray bars, N = 7); statistical significance of the Kruskal-Wallis test, p = 0.0209. Data are presented as mean values ± SEM. Statistical significance is indicated as *** p < 0.001, ** p < 0.01, * p < 0.05 in ( c – f ); le, ri, leftward, rightward movement. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.

Article Snippet: Following production of the electrodes with a horizontal puller (P-87 Brown/Flaming, Sutter Instruments Company, Novato, CA, USA), tips were broken and individually adjusted to fit the LR nerve or Vr diameters.

Techniques: Control, Two Tailed Test

Journal: Nature Communications

Article Title: Locomotion-induced ocular motor behavior in larval Xenopus is developmentally tuned by visuo-vestibular reflexes

doi: 10.1038/s41467-022-30636-6

Figure Lengend Snippet: Representative recordings ( a ) and spectrograms ( b ) depicting the power spectrum of movement frequencies of the left (Leye) and right eye (Reye) at stage 48 ( a 1 , b 1 ) and stage 52 ( a 2 , b 2 ) during swim-related tail undulations (blue trace in a 1,2 ) and concurrent horizontal head rotation at 1 Hz with positional excursions of ± 10° (green traces in a 1,2 ); the occurrence of each frequency within the eye motion profile from 0.5–16 Hz is indicated by the color gradient from blue (rare) to red (often); black lines refer to significantly different wavelet power values within the spectrum. Color scales, blue to red, at the side of each spectrogram represents the amplitude of wavelet components, low to high respectively, relative to the occurrence of each frequency. c Periodograms of two representative recordings at stage 48 ( c 1 ) and stage 52 ( c 2 ); note that eye movements at stage 48 consist of a single principal frequency that coincides with the tail undulations (Swim. freq. ~13 Hz), while those at stage 52 contain two clearly discernible frequencies representing tail undulations (Swim. freq. ~6 Hz) and horizontal head rotation (Vest. freq. 1 Hz). Average periodogram of eye movements ( d ) during combined swim-related tail undulations and head rotations at 1 Hz at selected stages (color-coded); note the developmental changes of the frequency component related to the vestibular stimulus at 1 Hz ( e ) and the swimming frequency ( f ), summarized in the histograms (mean values ± SEM) of average wavelet power amplitudes ( e , f ) at stage 48 ( N = 4), 52 ( N = 6) and 58 ( N = 5); statistical significance using the Kruskal-Wallis test was performed between these stages. Exact p values calculated were equal to 0.001 for histogram ( e ) and less than 0.0001 for histogram ( f ). Note that values of stage 45 ( N = 2) were not used in descriptive statistics and statistical test due to the small animal number. Statistical significance is indicated as **** p < 0.0001 and *** p < 0.001 in ( e , f ); le, ri, leftward, rightward movement. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.

Article Snippet: Following production of the electrodes with a horizontal puller (P-87 Brown/Flaming, Sutter Instruments Company, Novato, CA, USA), tips were broken and individually adjusted to fit the LR nerve or Vr diameters.

Techniques:

Journal: Nature Communications

Article Title: Locomotion-induced ocular motor behavior in larval Xenopus is developmentally tuned by visuo-vestibular reflexes

doi: 10.1038/s41467-022-30636-6

Figure Lengend Snippet: a Movements of the left (Leye) and right eye (Reye) during horizontal sinusoidal head rotation (green) and swim-related tail undulations (blue) at stage 52 ( a 1 ); note that the spontaneously reduced swim frequency within the illustrated episode (marked by the red dashed line in a 2 ) produced two different types of resultant ocular motion. b Representative example of ocular motion of the left eye during a single horizontal head rotation cycle and concurrent tail undulations ( b 1 ), depicting the variation in eye motion magnitude ( b 2 ) and change of eye position eccentricity (= angular position of the eye relative to the longitudinal axis of the head; b 3 ). c Quantification of ocular motion parameters as scatter plots of Δ motion magnitude ( c 1 ) and Δ position eccentricity ( c 2 ) as function of the swimming frequency ( n = 32 swimming episodes from N = 15 animals at different developmental stages). Two-tailed p values were calculated to estimate the Pearson coefficient correlation (R) significance ( p = 0.3023 for the Δ motion magnitude plot and p = 0.0023 for the Δ motion eccentricity plot). d Box plots of Δ motion magnitude ( d 1 ) and Δ position eccentricity ( d 2 ) as function of the vestibular stimulus frequency at 0.5 Hz ( n = 10 swimming episodes), 1 Hz ( n = 13 swimming episodes) and 2 Hz ( n = 14 swimming episodes) from N = 4 animals. Upper and lower error bars of box plots represent, respectively, maximum and minimum values. Bounds of box and center lines represent, respectively, the values of 50% of the central region (75 and 25% percentile) and the median values. Superimposed full circles/squares represent mean values. p -values, calculated using the Kruskal-Wallis test were equal to 0.6754 and 0.0423 respectively for box plots ( d 1 ) and ( d 2 ). e Histogram of Δ magnitude ( e 1 ) and Δ eccentricity ( e 2 ) variations during spino-ocular motor coupling at stage 49 ( N = 5), stage 52 ( N = 5), and stage 58 ( N = 5). The Kruskal-Wallis test was performed to test the significance and resulted in p = 0.1829 in e 1 and p = 0.0343 in e 2 . f Relative occurrence of eccentricity modulation during ocular motion (left axis) and average swim frequency (black dots and spheres, right axis) between stage 49 and stage 58 (Kruskal-Wallis test, p = 0.0007). Data are presented as mean values ± SEM and statistical significance is indicated as *** p < 0.001, ** p < 0.01, * p < 0.05, ns non-significant in ( c – f ). Source data are provided as a Source Data file.

Article Snippet: Following production of the electrodes with a horizontal puller (P-87 Brown/Flaming, Sutter Instruments Company, Novato, CA, USA), tips were broken and individually adjusted to fit the LR nerve or Vr diameters.

Techniques: Produced, Two Tailed Test

Journal: Science translational medicine

Article Title: Wolframin-1–expressing neurons in the entorhinal cortex propagate tau to CA1 neurons and impair hippocampal memory in mice

doi: 10.1126/scitranslmed.abe8455

Figure Lengend Snippet: ( A ) Shown is a horizontal section of human postmortem brain tissue from a patient with early stage AD [Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR) score 0.5, Braak stage III; ] showing the entorhinal cortex (EC) and WFS1 + neurons (green) in layers II and III. Phosphorylated tau (p-tau), detected by PHF1 antibody (left, red) or CP13 antibody (right, red), is present in a few WFS1 + neurons. Scale bars, 50 μm for 20× images in large panels and 20 μm for enlarged 63× images. ( B ) Shown are horizontal sections of postmortem human brain tissue from four patients (CDR 0, Braak Stage I, 85-year-old male; CDR 0.5, Braak stage III, 85-year-old male; CDR 2, Braak stage III, 88-year-old female; CDR 3, Braak stage V, 85-year-old male), with the EC and hippocampal CA1 areas indicated. Sections were immunostained with anti-WFS1 antibody (green) and PHF1 antibody (red). Sub, subiculum. The numbers 1 to 9 reflect the EC images used for quantification. Insets (bottom row) represent two examples of EC images per CDR group, and white arrows in insets indicate WFS1-PHF1 colocalization. Scale bars, 1000 μm for top panel images and 50 μm for bottom row inset images. ( C ) Shown is the distribution pattern of WFS1 + PHF1 + neurons across the EC region of postmortem brain samples from 3 controls and 9 patients at various stages of AD with CDRs of 0, 0.5, 2, or 3 (12 patients total, n = 3 per CDR group; and ). ( D ) Quantification of WFS1 + PHF1 + neurons in the EC upper layer of postmortem brain samples from 3 controls and 9 patients at various stages of AD with CDRs of 0, 0.5, 2, or 3, 12 patients total, n = 3 per CDR group [one-way ANOVA, F (3,8) = 13.43 ** P < 0.01; Tukey’s post hoc, test * P < 0.05 and ** P < 0.01; and ].

Article Snippet: Field potential recordings were made using recording pipettes fabricated from nonheparinized microhematocrit capillary tubes with resistance of 5 to 7 megohm (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Pittsburg, PA) on a Flaming and Brown horizontal pipette puller (Model P-87, Sutter Instrument, Novato, CA) and filled with Ringer’s solution.

Techniques: